PVC blood bags release microplastics into stored blood

Researchers from institutions including Shandong First Medical University in China examined blood bags made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a plastic widely used in medical devices. They found PVC particles in both the preservation solutions and stored red blood cells. Some of the microplastics also attached themselves to the red blood cells.

The longer the storage, the more microplastics

For the study, the scientists analysed 24 samples of stored red blood cells from PVC blood bag systems. They also investigated how many microplastics unused blood bags released under different conditions over a period of 30 days.

After 30 days, microplastic concentrations were approximately 7 to 20 times higher than immediately after opening. The amount released varied depending on the type of preservation solution.

Temperature also played a role. At room temperature, the PVC aged faster than at 4 degrees Celsius. Mechanical movement, used to simulate conditions during transport, could also increase the release of microplastics.

Under the microscope, the researchers observed changes to the surface of the blood bags during storage. Cracks and other forms of damage developed, from which microplastics could be released.

Microplastics attach to red blood cells

The researchers then examined how the presence of microplastics affected stored red blood cells.

Using ultrafiltration, they removed approximately 78 to 85 percent of the microplastics from the preservation solutions. Red blood cells stored in unfiltered solution showed more signs of damage during longer storage periods. This included increased haemolysis: the breakdown of red blood cells.

Directly into the bloodstream

Previous research has also found microplastics in blood originating from other plastic medical devices, including IV bags, infusion systems, syringes and kidney dialysis equipment.

What needs to happen?

More research is needed into materials and designs that prevent medical devices from releasing microplastics without compromising their safety or functionality.

Healthcare cannot function without safe medical devices. But that does not mean plastic should automatically remain the only or best option.